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George Washington was elected President of the United States of America on February 4, 1789, by Article II Section 1 Clause 2 Electors, who are today known collectively as the Electoral College.  Article II Section 1 Clause 1 of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 vests the executive Power in “a President of the United States of America.”  George Washington took the oral oath to the Office of President of the United States on April 30, 1789.

Article I Section 1 vests “All legislative Powers herein granted” in “a Congress of United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.”  Article I Section 7 imposes legislative duties on the President of the United States, making him an employee.    

George Washington’s solution to combining executive and legislative powers?  Just call Mr. President.

Once a Student masters the Constitution of September 17, 1787, reading the law is child’s play, but why bother, if all law is written for the government or the land owned by the United States of America.   Want limited government?  Don’t bother voting Libertarian, forget about voting all together.  Enroll in my Basic Course in Law and Government and learn the law that limits the federal government to what it owns and the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777.

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera   

Yesterday Commander in Chief Barack Hussein Obama relieved General Stanley McChrystal of his command in Afghanistan, but which President is the Commander in Chief?  Like every other President, Barack Hussein Obama was elected to the Office of President of the United States of America, but takes the oral oath of office of President of the United States.  

The President of the United States is charged by Article I Section 7 of the Constitution of September 17, 1787, with oversight of all the Bills passed by “the House of Representatives and the Senate.”

The President of the United States of America is vested with “the executive Power “in Article II Section 1 Clause 1 of the Constitution of September 17, 1787.

                                                                                        ***

Who is the Commander in Chief?  Title 3—The President of the United States Code makes provision for the election of the President and Vice President by State electors.  The President of Title 3 is officially the President of the United States.  We know that because the person elected by the State electors takes the oral oath to that Office.    The President of the United States of America is, however, the President with the Executive power. 

We can always ask the President, but before you do that maybe you should enroll in my Basic Course in Law and Government, so you can understand any answer you might get.  To enroll in the course and to get the rest of this post, contact me at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera            

    

Before George Washington could become the first President of the United States, there had to be a United States he could preside over. 

The Declaration of Independence created a United States of America on July 4, 1776, but King George III was not sufficiently impressed to let the thirteen American colonies go free.   Great Britain would not let go of the Americans until the Treaty of Paris of 1783.  In the mean time, the thirteen States began organizing around the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777 and by March 1, 1781 all those States were perpetually bound into the Confederacy known to this day as the United States of America.

The Americans, of course, won the War of Independence and lands south of Canada once claimed by the British, the Northwest Territory.  The Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787 made this former British territory permanently part of the United States of America Confederacy.  These United States, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota were the first States of a new Union of States, which belonged to the United States of America and were, also, of the United States of America.

The Constitution of September 17, 1787 that comes out of a secret session of the Constitutional Convention of May 25, 1787 was part of the plan for there to be a “United States” for George Washington to be President of the United States of.  Before Washington can become President of the United States he has to be first elected to the Article II, Section 1, Clause 1 office of President of the United States of America on February 4, 1789, so he can appoint himself to the office of President of the United States.

As President of the Constitutional Convention, Washington knows that he must first be elected President of the United States of America by the State’s Presidential Electors before he can take the oral oath of office of President of the United States.  Those famous Framers of the Constitution have concocted an elaborate oral employment oath grander than the Article VI oath and almost poetic in its tone for the person, who is to fill the office of President of the United States. 

Only Washington and his confederates know that neither he nor anyone else will be eligible to the Article II Section 1 Clause 5 Office of President until July 4, 1790.  Anyone with any political influence is in on the conspiracy to take over the Confederacy and replace it with a Roman Republic.

Many of these confederates have been elected to the first Congress, which will meet for the first time on March 4, 1789 in New York City.  It will be the responsibility of this Congress that all Americans know that this Congress is preparing the new oath of office for the new government and the oath will be the first Bill Congress passes and the first one George Washington signs as President of the United States.         

George Washington has made it possible for anyone to be President of the United States.  Thanks to George there are no age, citizenship or residency requirements for the office of President of the United States.  To be a President of the United States all you have to have is a voice.  You can even whisper the oath as George Washington did the first time he took the oath.

Don’t want to President of the United States?  You just want your freedom?  Then you have to become a Student.  Contact me at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera

If a United States Representative or Senator is asked about the present status of the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777, that Representative or Senator will respond with the story the Library of Congress is putting out, instead of telling the whole truth.  Here is the federal government’s official Internet story of what happened to the Articles of Confederation:

The Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, on November 15, 1777. However, ratification of the Articles of Confederation by all thirteen states did not occur until March 1, 1781. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments. The need for a stronger Federal government soon became apparent and eventually led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The present United States Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation on March 4, 1789.

When my Students ask the local Representative or Senator about the Articles of Confederation, they get back the same story. 

Its their story and they’re sticking to it.

What is the whole truth?  What really happened on March 4, 1789?

The First Congress met on March 4, 1789 in New York City to do the only business it could do—make laws for the United States, the lands owned by the United States of America, which, also, was not replaced by the Constitution of the United States.  After the Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776, the American people were set free from government that ruled by written law, however, governments had to let go of whatever power they exercised over people and their lands.  Governments retained proprietary over whatever land was government owned.  The First Congress made laws for the  lands owned by the United States of America.      

June 21, 1788 was the date the State of New Hampshire became the ninth State to ratify the Constitution of September 17, 1787.   That ratification established the constitution of the United States as any land within those nine States owned by the United States of America.  This Constitution of the United States consisted of all the land owned by the United States of America.  The documentary Constitution of the United States would be written by the Congress of the United States with legislation presented by the President of the United States and would be amended by the States, but never adopted by officers, who have taken an Article VI oath “to support this Constitution.”

On February 4, 1789, George Washington was elected President of the United States of America, however, instead of taking that Office immediately, as that Office required no oath of Office, Washington scheduled an inauguration to the Office of President of the United States, an Office which only required an oral oath. 

The Office of President of the United States was critical to the creation of a Constitution of the United States, because all Bills enacted by the House of Representatives and Senate must be presented to a President of the United States, who has taken an oral oath to “preserve, protect and defend” the Constitution of the United States.

 At noon on April 30, 1789, the United States would have both a Congress and a President of the United States, but it would not have a judiciary without the legislation Congress and the President would produce.  The Judiciary Act of 1789 would create a legislative United States Supreme Court.

The Library of Congress was correct; the Constitution of the United States would begin to replace the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777 on March 4, 1789, but only on the land owned by the United States of America, the Confederacy created by those Articles of Confederation.

The summary of the law and government I have presented here will be understood by my Students, if you are not a Student and you want to get the whole story of the law and government in America, enroll in my Basic Course in Law and Government, by contacting me at edrivera@edrivera.com        

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera

      

 

The Democrat Health Care Reform Bill that is now the “Law of the Land” is just one more reason to learn that the “Law” is always first a Bill that passed Congress and had to be presented to “the President of the United States” for his approval and signature.  Since all 44 Presidents have been both President of the United States and President of the United States of America, there will be many who will say it doesn’t really matter whether Barack Hussein Obama signs as President of the United States or President of the United States of America.

I agree.  George Washington was elected President of the United States of America on February 4, 1789, took no oath of any kind for that office, but he took that office and the office of President of the United States just by whispering an oral oath on April 30, 1789.  Every President since Washington has done the same thing and gotten away with it till now.

 Neither the President of the United States nor the President of the United States of America takes a written oath and that fact will allow you to protect your property, when the United States Department of Justice brings a suit for money damages, based on the “Law of the Land,” on behalf of the United States of America.   All the Presidents have been employees of the United States of America, so all the judges and Justices those Presidents have appointed are no more than employees.    

If you tried to buy a bicycle, boat or an automobile on credit, and you refused to sign an agreement to make the payments, no sane person would do business with you.  Neither President of the United States Barack Hussein Obama nor President of the United States of America Barack Hussein Obama has signed a written oath “to support this Constitution” as required by Article VI of the Constitution.   All 44 Presidents have ruled by the power of the “Law of the Land” and no one has bothered to discover that the “Land” is just the territory owned by the United States of America, so if your property isn’t on federal territory the President’s “Law” isn’t a match to your land.

If you are alive right now and you plan to continue living, Obama Care will be in your future.  To keep your future free of federal employees, enroll as a Student in my Basic Course in Law and Government, by contacting me at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera    

  

George Washington was able to extend the republican form of government established for the Northwest Territory by pretending to be bound by a newly written constitution.   The Constitution of September 17, 1787 binds the States that ratified it into existence, but without written subscribed oaths “to support this Constitution” that Constitution remains to this day, “just a piece of paper.”   By taking an oral oath to be President of the United States, Washington was binding himself only as an employee of the Confederacy, the United States of America.  By taking control of the government in this way, Washington temporarily prevented the British from attempting to re-take America, in so doing he created a federal government that could only grow, if the people are kept ignorant of its territorial limitations.    

There can be no doubt that the power of the present federal government has gone far beyond the tyranny of the British that brought on a hostile American rebellion against English colonial rule.   Americans are supposed to be free yet a Democrat President of the United States and Congress are embarking upon a socialist inspired cradle to grave welfare legislation scheme.   Blame it on the British.

The excesses of the Democrat Health Care Reform Bill may finally eradicate the last vestiges of British rule in America by significantly exposing the fraud that has allowed federal taxation and legislative power to be applied outside the federal government and way beyond the territory owned by the United States of America.  Presidents and Congresses of the United States since George Washington and the First Congress have been using the proprietary and territorial powers relinquished by King George III to make laws for the United States.  Their dirty little secret?  Those United States were first the property and territory of the United States of America, the Northwest Territory, made up of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota.  

The British Parliament ruled the American colonies with regal power because that was the source of its legislative and taxation power.  Over the centuries the English monarchy lost to Parliament the power to tax and legislate. What remained of royal English government power was exercised by the English King George III, who was the source of executive  government power in the thirteen  American colonies prior to the Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776.   After the Declaration of Independence, English monarchical power steadily declined, until, in the Treaty of Paris of September 3, 1783, King George III relinquished his governmental, proprietary and territorial power to the United States of America Confederacy.

By the time of the Treaty of Paris, the British government  power in America was no more and all the former colonies were operating independently as free and independent  States.  None of the British government powers survived the American Revolution and even if they had no person could hold the title necessary to discharge them.  Article VI of the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777, which had been fully ratified on March 1, 1781, when Maryland became the thirteenth State to ratify the Articles, prohibited the granting of titles of nobility by the United States in congress assembled or by the individual States.  

The proprietary and territorial powers were attached to substantial British land claims over the Northwest Territory, which would become the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota.   Using the proprietary and territorial powers relinquished by King George III, the United States in Congress assembled made the resolution of April 23, 1784 and then repealed it with the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787.          

George Washington was elected to the Article II Section 1 Office of President of the United States of America, unanimously, by the Presidential Electors on February 4, 1789.   The office of President of the United States of America, which was an Article IX office in the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777, was modified by the Constitutional Convention of May 25, 1787 in Article II of the Constitution of September 17, 1787.  Since the Confederacy was a perpetual Union of independent States, the Articles of Confederation were only binding on those States, therefore, no oaths of office were appropriate or even possible.

Washington took the oral oath of office of President of the United States on April 30, 1789, in order to mislead all Americans that his oath was “to support this Constitution,” the Constitution of September 17, 1787.  Legally, all George Washington had done was to bind himself as employee of the Confederacy.  His election to the office of President of the United States of America bound him to the Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776, the Articles of Confederation and the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787 because no oaths were required to make them the Organic Law of the United States of America.  Of the four Organic Laws, only the Constitution of September 17, 1787 requires a written subscribed oath to make it binding on an individual.

The Democrat members of Congress who voted to enact Health Care Reform legislation have all taken a written and subscribed oath required by statute in addition to a ceremonial oral oath of office.  Their office, U.S. Representative, is a statutory office not a constitutional one.  Like the President of the United States, U.S. Representatives have authority limited to the territory owned by the United States of America.   Since the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, the States of the Confederacy have encouraged the expansion of the government of the United States by freely recognizing the right of inhabitants to become U.S. citizens, while failing to recognize the right Inhabitants have to all the privileges and immunities of citizens without being citizens.

The narrow passage of the Democrat Health Care Reform Bill should confirm everything I have written in these Posts.   Where, but federal territory could such so-called reform take place?  If you are opposed to what government is doing, voting for the opposition candidate will never provide a solution to bad government.  The federal government was planned for a place where the Constitution of September 17, 1787 would always be just a piece of paper.  Written law is limited to a defined place and the Basic Course in Law and Government is the only source of legal training that will teach you how to define your own private space as free from government intrusion.  To enroll as one of my Students, contact me at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera   

 

           

The President of the United States of America, the President vested with the executive power of the Committee of States of Article IX of the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777, is elected by the Presidential Electors now called the Electoral College.  This President takes no oath of Office, because he has no duties.

The President, whose duties are found in Article II of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 has never taken the Article VI oath “to support this Constitution,” because the Article II Section 1 Clause 5 Office of President has never been filled.

The President of the United States takes an oral oath to faithfully perform the duties set out for the Office of President of the United States in Article I of the Constitution of September 17, 1787.

The Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777 created a perpetual Union on March 1, 1781, when the State of Maryland became the thirteenth State to ratify the Articles of Confederation.      

The Constitution of September 17, 1787 was established, as the Constitution of the United States, between the nine States ratifying that Constitution, when New Hampshire ratified on June 21, 1788.

On July 26, 1788 the State of New York became eleventh State to ratify the Constitution of September 17, 1787, which was now the Constitution of the United States.

George Washington was elected President of the United States of America on February 4, 1789.

On April 30, 1789, George Washington became President of the United States by taking this oral oath:

“I, George Washington, do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. So help me God.”        

Every American President has been President of the United States of America, without taking an oath and President of the United States, by taking an oral oath to “preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”

Now you know why the government is falling apart.  To learn the rest of the story, become a Student by contacting me at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera      

Do you really have to submit to the authority of any government?  Two kinds of government can be found in the Bible: one based on unwritten law and all the others are written law governments.

At the time Jesus Christ was trying to establish the Kingdom of God on earth, the Roman Empire ruled most of the world using a number of deities for support.  Rendering to Caesar the things that were Caesar’s did not put the Romans in forgiving and charitable mood toward Christians, who were officially and cruelly persecuted.

The Emperor Constantine relented and Christians were free to be Christians as long as they were obedient to government.  The English monarchy had such a strained relationship with some Christians that many left England for America and the freedom to worship as they wished.

All man made governments must have written law or the claim will be made those governments are without authority and are unjust.  The America colonies were charted by the British government, so the American colonists owed allegiance to the English King, George III at the time of the Declaration of Independence, which stated the American’s case for independence.

The Americans defeated Great Britain in battle and the British King relinquished “all claims to the Government, proprietary and territorial rights of the same, and every part thereof,” in the Treaty of Paris of September 3, 1783. 

The thirteen States of the original Union, the Confederacy under the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777, which had declared their independence from the British crown, did not have the authority to accept the Government power over the American people, who were now free and independent.  The proprietary and territorial rights were lawfully conveyed according to the Laws of Nations, however, the American people were free and not subject to disposition by the British crown. 

The defeat of Great Britain left Americans without a Caesar.  The Constitutional Convention of May 25, 1787 had to re-invent the Roman dictator in the guise of an elected ruler who would crown himself king for a term of years.  George Washington was born to rule American even if it was to be only for a short time.

Washington was elected by the Presidential Electors on February 4, 1789 to the Office of President of the United States of America, an office which required no oath and which had no specific duties, because that Office was under the authority of the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777.  On April 30, 1789, George Washington crowned himself President of the United States by taking the oral oath of Office of President of the United States, and office, which had legislative duties, but no eligibility requirements.

Washington became a Roman Caesar by avoiding the Article II Section 1 Clause 5 Office of President, which required the occupant to qualify for office and be bound by a written oath to support the Constitution ratified by the States.

Barack Hussein Obama became the 44^th American Caesar at noon on January 20, 2009, when he took the oral oath to the Office of President of the United States. 

The latest President of the United States wields the only powers the King of England had to relinquish: proprietary and territorial over the lands in America owned by the British crown.   Who must render unto this American Caesar?  Only those in the government of the United States and those on the territory owned by and ceded to the United States of America must render something to Caesar.

When the people of the conventions of the first thirteen States of the United States of America under the authority of the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777, ratified the Constitution of September 17, 1787,  surely some of them thought more than the States would be bound.  222 years later, only my Students are aware of the great Constitutional Conspiracy that resulted in the coronation of 44 Caesars, to become one of my Students, contact me at edrivera@edrivera.com.

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera      

The concept of jury nullification, which is simply the process of an English common law jury deciding all the facts and law of a single case, does not apply in a federal trial court.  State and federal government has strong armed the English common law out of existence by slowly replacing the unwritten English common law with written government law. 

There is, not surprisingly, no federal common law, because all federal law is written law and only the Congress and the President of the United States are permitted to write federal law.  This legislative power is, however, limited to, first, the Northwest Territory and then as the country expands westward, to all territory owned by and ceded to the United States of America.  Article I of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 does not establish a lawmaking authority over the existing and future states of the original and perpetual Union of the United States of America it only makes permanent the temporary government established in the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787.  

Article II of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 vests the executive power of the Articles of Confederation in a President of the United States of America.  The person, who is elected to that Office by the Electors appointed by each State, may fill another Office of President, the Article II Section 1 Clause 5 Office of President, by taking and subscribing the Article VI oath “to support this Constitution.”  George Washington set the precedent of taking the oral oath of the Office of President of the United States, instead of the Article VI oath that would bind him “to support this Constitution.”  The oral Article II Section 1 Clause 8 oath of the Office of President of the United States does not bind the taker of the oath beyond to the oath itself.  In that oral oath the person who will be the President of the United States merely swears or affirms to “preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States,” which cannot be a written document.  

Article III of  “this Constitution” along with the rest of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 is never adopted by any of the Officers described in Article VI.  We know that the Constitution of September 17, 1787 has never been adopted from the fact that no President has ever taken and subscribed an Article VI binding him “to support this Constitution,” which is necessary to the exercise of any power to appoint judges with judicial power.  Federal judges are appointed by the President of the United States of America using the proprietary power over territory owned by and ceded to the United States of America.  Federal law is limited to federal territory and the federal grand and petit jurors likewise must reside in that territory for a year to qualify.    

Civil governments throughout the world have been established using a written law model based upon a constitution that has been popularly approved.  Modern governments are all built on a faulty constitutional foundation that sanctions lawmaking for all inhabitants.  The true history and correct reading of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 and all preceding Organic Law limits laws and lawmaking to the territory owned by and ceded to the United States of America.  Those laws can extend outside the territory owned by and ceded to the United States of America, when applicable to citizens of the United States and the Officers and employees of the government of the United States.

The Constitution of September 17, 1787 is the constitutional foundation for the federal law and the federal government.  Earlier Organic Law, the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787, created property law and a temporary government for the Northwest Territory, which included the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota.  The original intent of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 was to create two governments.  The government we all know as the federal government was to be a continuation of the temporary government created by the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787. 

The second government was aborted when George Washington took the oral oath of Office of President of the United States on April 30, 1789 and then repeated the same oral oath four years later.  The Constitution of September 17, 1787 is written so that the person who has been elected President of the United States of America by the Electors must take and subscribe the Article VI oath “to support this Constitution” to order to fill the Article II Section 1 Clause 5 Office of President under that Constitution. 

George Washington took the oral oath of the Office of President of the United States twice and no President Elect since has ever been bound by a written oath “to support this Constitution.   Washington’s taking of the oral oath of Office of President of the United States at two inaugurals convinced everyone that the Article II Section 1 Clause 8 oath was the correct one for a President under the Constitution of September 17, 1787.  An oral oath is appropriate for an Office under the authority of the Articles of Confederation, which requires no oath not even an oral one.  In the English law, it has not been possible to support a writing, by an oral oath, since the Statute of Frauds became law in 1677.  No member of the United States in Congress assembled under the Articles of Confederation has ever taken any oath of Office.

The law making Congress is not exactly the same one as the United States in Congress assembled under the Articles of Confederation and the President of the United States was supposed to be appointed and not elected.  The House of Representatives is an addition to the old Congress made by the Constitutional Convention of May 25, 1787.  George Washington as Father of his country deserves the blame for all the current problems with federal government including the omission of jury nullification.  

Federal jury nullification would mean federal jurors could rewrite federal law. Federal law is written by the United States Congress pursuant to the proprietary authority any landowner has over his own property and not any authority in any written constitution.  George Washington could have easily made the legislative power limitation applicable to federal territory clear by his appointment of another person to the Office of President of the United States.  As President of the United States of America, under the authority of the Articles of Confederation, Washington had the executive power to appoint anyone he wanted to the Office of President of the United States.  He appointed himself to, among other things, control the outcome of all jury trials in federal trial courts.      

The ratification of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 by all original thirteen States of the Confederacy under the Articles of Confederation bound the States to that Constitution, however, George Washington’s calculated failure to qualify for the Office of President and his subsequent taking of the oral oath of Office of President of the United States allowed him to prevent the adoption of the Constitution of September 17, 1787.  

When Washington first takes the only oath to be taken by any American President on April 30, 1789, he sets the precedent of limiting the Constitution of September 17, 1787 to the States and federal territory within the exterior boundaries of those States, the territory owned by and ceded to the United States of America.  Instead of taking and subscribing the Article VI oath “to support this Constitution” every President Elect, after George Washington, becomes President of the United States of America upon election by the Electors and President of the United States upon taking the oral oath of the Office of President of the United States. 

What should have happened?  George Washington should have informed everyone that the Article II Section 1 Clause 5 eligibility requirement of 14 Years residence within the United States prevented the adoption of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 until after July 4, 1790, 14 years after the Independence of the United States of America, the only place where a future President obligated “to support this Constitution” could reside.  Of course, George Washington didn’t say a word about the Constitution of September 17, 1787 and that it provided for election and appointment of many Presidents, because not speaking up was part of the Constitutional Convention Conspiracy to imprison Americans within a “federal judicial system” meant only to apply to the federal government and the territory owned by and ceded to the United States of America.

The absence of jury nullification in the federal trial courts helps explain why the United States Congress acts without regard to the demands of most Americans.  To learn all the secrets contained in all the Organic Laws of the United States of America, become one of my Students by contacting me at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera 

 

 

Dear Member of Congress:

I have recently enrolled in the Basic Course in Law and Government taught by Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera of California.  Dr. Rivera teaches American Law and Government using the Organic Law of the United States of America.  I decided to take his course, so that I could intelligently withdraw any consent I might have given to be governed by a Congress of the United States.

The Constitution of September 17, 1787, with amazing brevity, distinguishes the United States in Congress assembled from the Congress of the latest more perfect Union in Article I Section 1. “All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.”  The Congress of the Articles of Confederation was not delegated legislative power over the States or the people of the States.  The “legislative Powers herein granted” are the proprietary powers over the Northwest Territory, the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota, formerly possessed by the United States in Congress assembled and exercised most recently in ordaining the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787, which created a temporary government for the States of the Northwest Territory.

Ratification of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 by nine States, would according to Article VII of this Constitution be sufficient to establish this Constitution between the States so ratifying.  This meant that as soon as elections for members of “a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives” could be held that Congress could begin to enact Bills to “be presented to the President of the United States” according to Article I Section 7 Clause 2.

New Hampshire became the ninth State to ratify the Constitution of September 17, 1787 on June 21, 1788.  The eleven States that had ratified this Constitution elected Senators and Representatives so they could convene as the First Congress of the United States on March 4, 1789. 

George Washington was, pursuant to Article II Section 1 Clauses 1,2 and 3, elected unanimously by the Presidential Electors on February 4, 1789 to be President of the United States of America, an Office, apparently, under the authority of the Articles of Confederation, because the Constitution of September 17, 1787 does not describe or prescribe qualification for a President of the United States of America.  This Constitution does prescribe what it takes to be eligible to the Office of President in Article II Section 1 Clause 5.

George Washington cannot possibly meet the last qualification of the Office of President: “fourteen Years a Resident within the United States,” because no one in America can meet that requirement until after July 4, 1790.  Time in the Constitution of September 17, 1787 is counted from the first day of Independence: July 4, 1776.

The rest of this letter is only available to my Students who have enrolled in one or both classes.  To become a Student, contact me at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera                 

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