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I live in Torrance, California, which is in North America.  When the State of California was a State of the Estados Unidos Mexicanos it was a republic called Alta California, but the state it represented was still in North America.

When Alta California ceased being a Mexican State, the government part of California, the State of California, joined two Unions, the United States of America under the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777 and the United States under the Constitution of the United States.   The Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776 is the first  of  the four Organic Laws of  the United States of America which will not be a part of  this discussion.

The Google United States is essentially the territory owned by the Confederacy, the United States of America, in North America, which includes no part of Torrance. 

The name, “United States” has been used to describe the territory owned by the United States of America since the enactment of the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787, which established a temporary government for the “United States,” until the Constitution of the United States made that “government” a more or less permanent “administration of the President of the United States.

So Google, if I live in Torrance, California, I can’t possibly live in the United States, why are you putting in a place subject to military rule? 

I need more Students located in North America south of Canada and north of Mexico, who do not live in United States to take my “Basic Course in Law and Government.”   Once these Students are properly schooled in the Organic Laws of the United States, they will be highly qualified to correct Google’s erroneous geography.   To enroll for as little as $50 in a Course others have happily paid $500 to complete, contact me at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera

      

An executive mansion was appropriate for the first executive of a long line of Presidents of the United States of America who had no official executive power.  Article II Section 1 of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 had revised the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777, to provide for a President with executive power, when nine States ratified “this Constitution.”

Washington was elected President of the United States of America on February 4, 1789, when the Presidential Electors voted unanimously for him, however, although everyone knew George Washington had been elected the Certificates of Vote still had to be transported to New York City to be unsealed and counted, as required by Article II Section 1 Clause 3 of the Constitution.  The opening of the Certificates and the counting of the Vote took place on April 6, 1789 and on that date George Washington became President of the United States of America when he received all 69 Electoral Votes.

Neither the media nor academia dare to report the important dates that conclusively establish the three major  Offices of President.  My “Basic Course in Law and Government” is the only legal instruction which recounts  all the important events of  the nation’s founding truthfully.   To enroll, contact me at edrivera@edrivera.com  

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera      

Federal government records show that debts incurred during the American Revolutionary War amounted to $75,463,476.52 by January 1, 1791. Yes, that’s $75.5 million for a war of eight years duration.

According to the Resolution of April 23, 1784, by the United States in Congress assembled, the free inhabitants of the Northwest Territory “shall be subject to pay a part of the federal debts contracted or to be contracted; to be apportioned on them by Congress, according to the same common rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shall be make on the other states.”

The third Organic Law of the United States of America, the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787 established a property law and temporary government for the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota, the United States of the United States of America. The Ordinance in Article 4 confirmed the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777, and the continued perpetual relationship the United States of the Northwest Territory would have with the Confederacy, the United States of America. The obligation of the inhabitants and settlers of the United States to pay a part of the federal debt was restated.

The last sentence of the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787 “repealed and declared null and void” the Resolution of the 23^rd of April, 1784.

All the while the Resolution of the 23^rd of April, 1784 was undergoing revision and ultimate repeal, the Constitutional Convention of May 25, 1787 was, according to the Resolution of February 21, 1787 revising the Articles of Confederation. Because the Constitutional Convention met in secrecy, it would not be known until today that the Constitutional Convention was secretly revising the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787, as well as the Articles of Confederation, into a new Union to be called the United States.

The new Union, the United States, would be kept constantly in debt, so that the United States of America shall always have an excuse to tax. If you want to know everything there is to know about taxes and taxation, you will want to take my Advanced Tax Course, but before you can do that you have to complete the Basic Course in Law and Government. For more information, contact me at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera

 A new bill progressing through Congress would authorize the federal government to stop people alleged to owe taxes from leaving the country.  State of California Senator Barbara Boxer introduced the “Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act”, which includes a section that allows the State Department to “deny, revoke or limit” passport rights for any taxpayer with “serious delinquencies.”

The Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified on January 23, 1964:

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

The Twenty-Fourth Amendment tells us that after January 23, 1964 governments will not be permitted to impose a poll tax, a tax on the right to vote, or any other kind of tax, in any federal election.  But, what does that Amendment have to   do with the right to travel?

The Twenty-Fourth Amendment confirms the right of a free inhabitant to be a citizen at will and to cease being a citizen anytime he or she wishes, if the payment of taxes can’t be made a condition of federal citizenship what duty can government impose on any inhabitant?

Congress tried to impose the duty to pay a direct income tax on ordinary individuals in Section 29 of the 1894 Income Tax Law and the United States Supreme Court held the entire law unconstitutional as a direct tax, which was not apportioned, as property taxes on homes are apportioned by county assessors.

Ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment clarified the power of Congress to enact an indirect income tax:  “The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.”

The power of Congress to impose direct and indirect taxation began before the ratification of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 in 1783 with the annexation of the Northwest Territory by the April 15, 1783 preliminary ratification of the Articles of Peace with Great Britain ending the American Revolution.  The United States in Congress assembled could impose direct and indirect taxation in the Northwest Territory and similar territory upon attainment of proprietary power over that territory.

The power to tax of the United States in Congress assembled was not dependent on the authority of that Congress to impose a duty to make a return of taxable income on inhabitants of the Northwest Territory.  The United States in Congress assembled had proprietary power over the Northwest Territory, it lacked the bureaucracy it needed to lay and collect the taxes it had the authority to impose with the Northwest Territory.  The Constitution of September 17, 1787 provided that administrative capacity by vesting in the President of the United States of America executive power to appoint with the advice and consent of the Senate tax assessors and Collectors of Internal Revenue.  Over time the duties to make tax assessments and tax collections were consolidated in the Collector of Internal Revenue and Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue.  In 1952, the Reorganization of the Internal Revenue Bureau into the Internal Revenue Service eliminated the only two Officers of the United States authorized to assess and collect federal internal revenue.

Abolition of the Collector of Internal Revenue and Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue returned the “power to lay and collect taxes on incomes” back to Congress where it remains today.  Congress last acted on the duty to make a return of taxable income in Section 3707 of the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998.  The effect of that Section which was codified in a Note to Section 6651 26 U.S.C. was to re-define a taxpayer as one who files a return for two consecutive years and who pays the tax on the return.  Earlier definitions of  “taxpayer”  defined that term as someone subject to a tax, after 1952 no one in government had authority to make another subject to a tax.

The basis of federal taxation began as war debt and has always been the repayment of debt, first for the debt resulting from the American Revolution and then for all the debt caused by the spending of every Congress under the Constitution of the United States.   Such spending as the Congress of the United States made was ostensibly authorized by voters, who voluntarily registered to vote and paid for in part by taxpayer s, who at least since 1952 have all volunteered to pay federal taxation.  As government debt is not personal debt, taxation for the payment of government debt or the use of government is a gift to government.  The payment of taxation was declared to be a gift to the English monarch since the Declaration of Rights of 1765 and the consensual nature of taxation was confirmed in the Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776.

The 1952 abolition of the Collector of Internal Revenue and Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue confirmed federal taxation as a gift to government.   Without the aforementioned officers all tax payments are gifts to government.  It follows that a debt cannot be created from a gift that is not made.

The Twenty-Fourth Amendment imposes a heavy burden on government to show why government may withhold the right to travel when it cannot abridge the right to vote where it is alleged a voluntary payment of a tax has not been made.

To learn all details involved in the operation of law and government, enroll in my online course, the Basic Course in Law and Government, by contacting me at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera             

Benjamin Franklin, the old gentleman on the $100 Federal Reserve Note, is an American icon, who was initiated into Freemasonry in 1731.  By 1734, Franklin had printed the first Freemasonic book in America, an edition of  Anderson’s “Book of  Constitutions.”

 The Freemasons, Franklin, Washington and Hamilton together with other minor Freemasons in the Constitutional Convention produced such an intricate and devious Constitution that only recently has it yielded to decoding. 

You won’t need Anderson’s “Book of Constitutions” to decipher the Constitution of September 17, 1787, but you will need to enroll in my Basic Course in Law and Government.  Contact me at edrivera@edrivera.com for information on enrollment.

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera         

My local newspaper, the Daily Breeze and I’m not making the name up, reports that it was President elect George Washington who set out for New York City.  The reporting isn’t the Breeze’s the report of   Washington’s trek is from the Associated Press “THIS DAY IN HISTORY” feature.  Such is the state of the press they can’t get the facts straight on a story that’s more than 220 years old.

The President of the United States of America is elected by the States of  that Union, the United States of America, under the authority of  the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777, but as revised by the Constitution of September 17, 1787.  The election of the President of the United States of America is set out in Article II Section 1 Clause 2 & 3.  Clause 3 was amended by the Twelfth Amendment, however, it is the President of the United States of America who is elected not the President of the United States.  There is no provision for the     appointment or election of person who is to   fill the Office of  President of the United States, so the President appoints a person to that office with the advice and consent of the Senate.  Washington as President of the United States of America appointed himself and the Senate went along.

George Washington was elected President of the United States of America on April 6, 1789, when the certificates of  votes were unsealed and counted in the Congress.  Washington took no oath to become President of the United States of America as none of his predecessors were required and the Constitution of September 17, 1787 required in Article VI an oath or affirmation only “to support this Constitution.”  When Washington would take an oath or affirmation it would be an oath or affirmation to a different kind  of  constitution.   When George Washington finally reached big New York City he took this oath to be President of the United States not President of the United States of America:  “I, George Washington, do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” “So help me God.”

You won’t  get the truth about the law or government in the Daily Breeze, any newspaper or any news source.  You will get the truth  about law and government here and in my beginner’s “Basic Course in Law and Government. “  To get started learning the law and government, contact me at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera     

The United States in Congress assembled would finally ratify the Treaty of Paris of September 3, 1783 on January 14, 1784.  The federal government’s power to tax the settlers and other inhabitants of the Northwest Territory would be established as of April 15, 1783.  

For most Americans, April 15 is tax day, but few realize federal taxation began with the acquisition of the Northwest Territory, which would become the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota.  If you want to understand taxation in America, you have to be taken back to its roots. My Basic Course in Law and Government is the only one that takes the Student to the beginning of written law, taxation and the origins of government.  To get started for $50, contact me at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera     

The United States Secret Service was originally created to combat counterfeiting of  United States paper currency, but why the name Secret Service?   I could not find a satisfactory answer to the question why is the Secret Service so named?

If you believe as I and my Students that there should be no secrets in law and government, you will want to contact me at edrivera@edrivera.com   to inquire about my $50 trial legal education offer.

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera    

Both prior Presidents George Washington and John Adams were elected President of the United States of America before each of them took the oral oath for the Office of President of the United States.

There are three important Presidents in the Constitution of September 17, 1787: the President of the United States of America, the President of the United States and the Office of President.  We know each of these Presidents is unique and separate because of the language which surrounds them in the Constitution of September 17, 1787.  The President of the United States of America is the executive officer under the authority of the Articles of Confederation of November 15, 1777, which requires no oath or affirmation.  The President of the United States is required to approve or object to Bills enacted by Congress this makes him an employee.     The Article II Section 1 Clause 5 Office of President is a President bound to perform under and “to support this Constitution,” the Constitution of September 17, 1787.

The President of the United States must take an oath or affirmation before he takes his office this is how George Washington, who was President of the United States of America became President of the United States: “I, George Washington, do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” “So help me God.”

The Office of President requires an incumbent to meet the eligibility of Article II Section 1 Clause 5: “No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.”   The Office of President could not be occupied until fourteen years after July 4, 1776, which would be July 4, 1790.  Had George Washington been elected President of the United States of America after July 4, 1790 he could have occupied that Office and the Office of President by taking the Article VI oath or affirmation “to support this Constitution.”  He was elected President of the United States of America on April 6, 1789 and he took the oral oath of the office of President of the United States on April 30, 1789.

By the time Thomas Jefferson was elected President of the United States of America, the power of the combination of President of the United States of America and President of the United States was so strong not even the author of the Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776 could be tempted to disclose the multiple presidents contained in the American Presidency.

I am not constrained to conceal the secrets of the American Presidency.  To learn all there is to know about the Presidency, law and government, enroll in my Basic Course in Law and Government.  To find out how you can begin a lifetime of learning for $50, contact me at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera

The 32^nd President of the United States of America was succeeded by Harry S Truman as the thirty-third President of the United States of America, who was a 33rd degree Freemason.

Under Truman’s administration the power of the federal government was consolidated.  In his last year in office, Truman extended the reach of the Internal Revenue Service over every American and every business in America by abolishing the offices of the Collector of Internal Revenue and Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue in a reorganization of the Bureau of Internal Revenue.  The loss of the Deputy and Collector of Internal Revenue meant the loss of the power to assess and collect taxes by notice and demand of payment.  The change in the name of the Bureau of Internal Revenue to Internal Revenue Service noted the loss of authority.   We entered the “We’re here from the government and we’re here to help you,” era.  

Before abolition of the Collector of Internal Revenue, all internal revenue payments were made to the individual Collectors of Internal Revenue in more than 60 revenue districts.  As tax payments were made to bonded individuals, taxes could be paid under protest to these Collectors of Internal Revenue.  Abolition of the Collectors of Internal Revenue ended tax protests, because there was no one to accept  a contested payment of  taxes, all payments were made without assessment, notice or demand.

Taxes is all we will be talking about in the Advanced Tax Course, which you can take once you complete my Basic Course in Law and Government.  You can try it for $50 by e-mailing at edrivera@edrivera.com

Dr. Eduardo M. Rivera

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